Various isolates, allowing the speedy monitoring, tracking and tracing of bacterial infections. In recent decades, antimicrobial agents have already been employed often in animal husbandry not simply to treat and handle Salmonella and also other pathogens but additionally as prophylactic measures and growth-promotors. The abuse and misuse of antimicrobials has led to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), that is nevertheless escalating(Palma et al., 2020). To address this issue, use of antimicrobials as a growth-promoting factors has been banned within the European Union considering that 2006 (Castanon, 2007). China is one of the world’s biggest producers and buyers of antimicrobials, with 162,000 tons of antimicrobials utilized in 2013, 52 of which had been for veterinary use (Zhang et al., 2015). Over the previous two decades, China’s restrictive policies on veterinary antimicrobials have changed substantially and come to be increasingly stringent (Yinqi et al., 2019). Consequently, the prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in pigs and chickens decreased substantially from 2015 to 2018 due to the withdrawal of colistin as an animal development promoter in China (Wang et al., 2020b), highlighting the impact of addressing AMR. Nevertheless, you’ll find nevertheless quite a few reports showing that the Salmonella prevalence in poultry, pigs and eggs in China had exhibited escalating resistance to multiple antimicrobials (Yang et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020b, 2021; Xu et al., 2021). Thus, it is of interest and significance to carry out continuous AMR monitoring and to investigate alterations in AMR over time, which can be vital in identifying the mechanisms involved and providing guidance on rational treatment approaches. Characterization of Salmonella resistance is mainly performed by determining phenotypes based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST; CLSI, 2020) and genotypes primarily based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS; Schwan et al.Complement C5/C5a, Mouse , 2021; Yan et al.DKK-1 Protein Purity & Documentation , 2021; MedinaSantana et al.PMID:24516446 , 2022). Phenotypes usually correspond for the external expression of a single gene but may also be the result of synergistic effects of multiple genes (Morales et al., 2005). For that reason, both phenotypic and genotypic testing are important for pathogen surveillance and diagnosis, and utilizing them together can cause extra precise judgments. Within this study, 126 Salmonella isolates (which includes 65 collected in 2018020 and 61 collected in 2002005) obtained from waterfowl samples in Sichuan, China, have been subjected to serotyping, PFGE molecular typing, AST, and WGS to investigate their prevalence and AMR profiles.Materials and methodsSample collection and bacterial isolationAll samples were collected from waterfowl farms with animal deaths, diarrhea or declining egg production. OneFrontiers in Microbiologyfrontiersin.orgGuan et al.10.3389/fmicb.2022.hundred and 21 duckling organ samples have been collected from Pujiang and Xinjin farms in 2002005, and 150 samples, including 70 duck fecal samples, 43 duck cloacal samples and 37 goose egg samples, had been collected from 5 farms in Dayi, Chongzhou, Jintang, Mianyang and Pengzhou of Sichuan Province, China, in 2018020. All samples were subjected to isolation in accordance with a typical protocol described previously (Andrews et al., 2022). In brief, for goose eggs and cloacal samples, samples were collected with sterile swabs and diluted in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Then, one hundred l of this remedy was added to 10 ml of buffered peptone pre-enrichment option, followed by incubation at 37 for.